Critical Response to the film “Remember the Titans” Essay

â€Å"Remember The Titans† is a film text, centered by the issue of the injustice of a persons race and how it is triumphantly overcome. It is an uplifting story how an American town, Alexandria, conquered overwhelming resentment, friction and disharmony brought on by racial discrimination and mistrust. The town is further thrown into chaos, as protests rage over the killing of an African-American youth and then the integration of the major local High school; T.C. Williams. The integration lead to the demotion of a much loved and highly successful head coach of the school state football team by the name of Bill Yoast, the job’s new occupancy went to an African-American by the name of Coach Boone, who ultimately suffers injustice because of his race and the fact he was replacing a white coach which brought chaos to the white community. The injustice displayed in the film Remember the Titians can be seen numerous amounts of times. Coach Boone sets a wonderful example of the town learning to trust each other and work together and shows the boys a funeral where people had died fighting the same fight people are still fighting today and the injustice of this situation to everyone. The film shows justice can be achieved on earth if people learn to respect each other. This barrier is overcome when one of the black teammates refuses to protect his white teammates because they wont block for the black teammates, they are made to spend time with each other and learn about each others culture which ultimately they learn to respect each other no matter what race or where they came from. This lead to friction in the community and the boys parents wanting Coach Boone fired because of the communities outrage that the highs school had been joined together and the injustice being showed to each other through murdering people becau se of there skin colour and the disrespect shown because of the persons race. As the team learns to show each other good morals, trust and respect during a time where the community were showing signs of discrimination, hate and mistrust and this is when Coach Boone showed the injustice of how his father died having to fight this same fight and the team ultimately responded and overcame the difficulties of having a multicultural team with the assistance of democratic and authoritarian coaching styles by both Coach Boone and  Coach Yoast. The coaching styles improved the players motivational skills there self fulfillment to work together and set an example to be treated equally, which made the coaches and players of different races share the same goals and perception of the injustice of the peoples mistreatment because of race. As the team became an top contender and where playing every game with such passion and serving a sense of justice to each other when people would use racial comments on the field no matter what the race every member would stand up for each other. As the team worked together and both coaches shared there perceptions the team really achieved greatly and this rubbed of into the community. As examples of the white policeman acknowledging and congratulating a black titans efforts goes to prove that justice was being achieved on our earth. The town started accepting everyone for who they are and the titans where treated very well by the community for giving them belief and a sense of pride where justice could be achieved for everyone. In one circumstance Coach Boone had been called a monkey but as the team was well disciplined and respectful of everyone this only inspired everyone in the titans to work harder for each other which resulted in a win not only for the game but for the team to change another persons perspective on racism and achieve the justice they deserved. When the injustice of Coach Yoasts hall of fame removal and the tragic accident of captain Garys car crash It showed in the final game they would win a come from behind victory and Coach Yoast would ultimately not resort to cheating and instead achieve his justice by helping his black partner Coach Boone achieve their goal togeather rather than resort to backstabbing and cheating to improve his own reputation and achieve justice on earth for himself and Coach Boon. This showed that even though Gary had his tragic accident he achieved hiss goal with his teammates of winning the final and teaching the community to respect everyone no matter what there race. This film was a great example of justice being achieved and giving everyone hopes through the Coach Boones leadership skills and charisma to inspire a team, community and a nation. The film showed how these people working together and being respectful of each other can truly inspire and set an example for everyone to achieve justice on earth. Treating everyone equally and teaching them the injustice of what had happened because of the war over race ultimately inspired the boys and the nation to achieve justice for everyone on earth.

Soical Issues

World Religions – Social Justice Issue Paper Legalization of Marijuana Introduction: Tracey Martin Every Religion demonstrates unique aim to adhere to specific way of living. â€Å"Typically, members of the Religious institutes either take vows of evangelical chastity, poverty and obedience (the â€Å"Evangelical Counsels†) to lead life in imitation of Christ Jesus or those following the Rule of SST. Benedict, the vow of obedience, stability (that is.To remain with this particular community till death and not seek to move to another), and â€Å"conversion of life†which implicitly includes the counsels of chastity and evangelical poverty' (Booker, 2003). â€Å"The golden rule exists in all Religions in some form. It is a statement, in summary, of the basic requirement for all human behavior. It appears sometimes in positive form: Jesus said, Do to others whatever you have them do to you† (Matthew 7:12). It also appears in negative form: Confucius said, â⠂¬Å"What you do not want done to you, do not do to others† (Analects 15. 3) Since this is the fundamental obligation in all religions, why are so many religions involved in so many of the most bitter conflicts in the world? â€Å"(Booker, 2003). With that question dated, we will explore and compare the view points offered by Catholicism and the United Methodist (Methodism) related to the social Justice issue around the legalization of Marijuana. Supporting Data: The controversy over the legalization of illegal drugs in the U. S. , has been an ongoing debate over the last decade or greater.From the early sass's to the sass's, Congress had enacted marijuana control laws, which saw a change in penalties for possession in the early sass's, imposing minimum sentence of 2 years for first-offense, and again increased in 1956 based on the Narcotic Control Act, which classified marijuana with iron. By 1965, the first-time drug offense carried a sentence of 5 to 20 years of imprisonmen t, and second offense carried 10-40 years. It was noted in 1956, the United States had 1. 6 million arrests, and by 1970 ‘s the annual numbers had tripled.The early sass's, President Nixon proposed the war on drugs, related to the drug epidemic, which also lead the urban American public to believe it was the cause of the increase in crime. 1971, a treaty with Columbia was signed with the United States, as the first step to the war on drugs. The goal was to raise awareness among lawmakers and to stop the production ND trafficking from the Caribbean to the United States. By the sass's, the war on drugs met challenges from the fight for power and the display of violence, observed from drug cartels.The violence and uprising led various murders from lawmakers, judges, and other public officials. Over the last few decades, noted changes with the legal status of marijuana has been seen. Eleven States have passed laws that discriminative the possession of marijuana for personal usage, and other states continue to evaluate their state policies. In the sass's, the worldwide epidemic of AID, parked the consideration for medical usage, which in 2005 policy was presented to lawmakers for consideration as the â€Å"Last Resort and Fundamental Rights†.The policy review demonstrated Cancer and Aids patients experienced signs and symptoms from treatments, and marijuana alleviated the side effects, when no other methods had been successful for treatment. The history of marijuana continues to be a political controversy in the United States, which is observed at both the state and federal levels. Lawmakers are not the only ones undecided in regard to public and medical views push for legalization. Many opinions have been documented for the acceptance and noncompliance for the legalization of marijuana.Points of view are divided in the medical communities with the psychiatric doctors pushing opposition due to substance abuse concerns in the general populations and ado lescents. Churches/ or Religious Institutes are offering opinions based on values and beliefs stemming from the religious order. The general public of the United States also seems to be divided based on familial values and beliefs or the continued awareness through media coverage and acknowledgment of divided view points. The basic view points identified for the two different religions beliefs are as follows: Catholicism – 1. Apostle Peter as its first leader. 2.Belief that Jesus Christ is Divine. 3. Transubstantiation; elements become really, truly, the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ at consecration, Real Presence of Christ, and the sacrament. (full communion). 4. Possession of the â€Å"threefold ordained ministry'. 5. Belief that the church is the vessel and deposit fullness of the teachings of Jesus Christ. 6. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments. 7. The usage of sacred images, candles and music, often incense and water at airship. 8. Veneration of Mary, the mother of Jesus as the blessed virgin Mary. 9. The distinction between God, Saints and Virgin Mary among the Saints. 0. Seven sacraments or â€Å"sacred mysteries† Methodism: 1. Tribune God, God is one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, 2. Scripture; writings of Old and New Testament inspired by God. 3. Sin, human beings are intended to bear the image of God. Sin estranges people from god and corrupts human nature from ability to heal or save ourselves. 4. Salvation through Jesus Christ; through stoning death, resurrection, presence through history and promised return. . Sanctification; draws one to Christian perfection, â€Å"habitually filled with the love of God and neighbor† and as † having the mind of Christ and walking as he walked†. . Sacraments; two recognized. 7. Free Will; free to make choices because of God's divine grace and people are truly accountable before God for their choices. 8. Grace; God gives unmerited fa vor freely to all though it may be resisted. Though the identified beliefs and practices during worship are different. The two religions identify very similar views regarding social issues. Opposing examples include: Abortion, Addiction, Capital Punishment, Suicide ND Euthanasia, War, and the threat of human life and dignity.With the examination of the two religious views regarding the legalization of marijuana. Neither one of the religions endorses the use of Marijuana or â€Å"smoking pot†. Clergy emphasize God ‘s disapproval to mind-altering drugs, and promote abstinence from the use of illegal drugs, which is considered factors for crime, disease, death and family dysfunction. Marijuana is is described as a precursor or the gateway drug to the use of other drugs. With review of Amendment 64 in Colorado though, almost all the signers are Unitarians or liberal Mainline Protestants.Nearly one third are United Methodists pastors, but presumed they do not preside over an y of the larger congregations. Also several Jewish rabbis, but no Catholic or Orthodox clergy. â€Å"Apparently there's no specific denominational official stance for or against the actual legalization. The absence of a stance is a little surprising, as Methodists were the original Prohibitionists†. (Dooley, 2013) â€Å"The traditional clergy are on stronger ground when citing the already experienced abuse of medical marijuana laws. Stronger theological insights into what a civil state could and should ban versus regulate would be lawful.Those who believe in creating a more Just and godly society need to argue for maintaining a healthy common culture of mutual responsibility that guards against vice without exceeding the state's proper vocation†. (Dooley, 2013). Both national religious institutes have made reference to the religious documents that blind their belief and values. For the Catholics documents such as traditional Papal, Conciliator and Episcopal. The Method ists cite Doctrine of Standards, and the Book of Discipline. Pope Francis quoted † In every suffering brother and sister we embrace the suffering body of Christ. Dealers of death†¦. Allow the logic of power and money',When addressing chemical addiction. United Methodists quote the church founder John Wesley † None are recognized as Methodists who did not recognize the named Standards of Doctrine†. Conclusion: In the end the same question of; why are so many religions involved in so many of the most bitter conflicts in the world? â€Å"(Booker, 2003). I think the answer is still very divided, especially when examining a social issue. The legalization of marijuana, has been controversy since it was first introduced as an alternative approach for pacific medical treatments for signs and symptoms.As lawmakers are currently divided in overall decision, it is also demonstrated thru the different religious institute, from one end of the spectrum to the other. There is a divide of opinion and focus, relating to the process and the end result. Religions are focusing on the belief, values and the good of all people. Others of the more liberal religious orders relate more to the statistics of criminal behavior, financial costs to the general pubic, and the logic of usage by an individual person as a controlled substance (comparative to alcohol consumption).Currently, there is not an agreed upon solution to the social issue of marijuana be decentralized. Many States have taken it upon themselves to make decisions at the State level, and at this time others continue to evaluate. I think this is an issue that will continue to cause great debate over the coming years, the United States is very divided, from government in Washington, Religious Institutions, and the general public views for lour against the legalization of marijuana at this time. References: Allen, J. L. (2013), Pope decries † dealers of death† opposes drug legalization, Nat ional Catholic Press

Fun Time

http://www. ehow. com/facts_5788552_benefits-open-campus-lunch_. html Budget * If students are allowed to leave campus and their parents' homes are nearby, students can save money on lunch and eat from home. Social Contact * Students may spend time with others who they may not see if the lunch was confined to on campus. Students can go out and eat with friends. Outside * If it's a great day outside, students can eat outdoors and enjoy the sun for a half-hour or so. This could lead to a fresh burst of energy and creativity.Independence * Open campus lunch allows the students to leave the premise of the school. This grants the student freedom to eat where he wants. Physical Activity * When students are allowed to leave campus, they can get out and stretch their legs a little more than if they were confined to a lunch room. http://www. masters. edu/undergrad/student-perspective/offcampuseats. aspx Line too long in the cafeteria and not a lot of change in your wallet? In need of a good q uick fix?There are several places in Santa Clarita that can satisfy your food cravings at an affordable price of $10 and under. Egg Plantation, Urbane Cafe, Chronic Tacos, La Cocina, Qdoba Mexican Grill, Corner Bakery, El Taco Llama, Saugus Cafe and Panera Bread are just a few of the delicious options to choose from. It all just depends on what type of food you are in the mood for. Don‘t know where they are located? Simply go to Yelp, Map Quest, or Google Maps and enter the destination. Here are a few off-campus favorites to whet your appetite: Breakfast ?Breakfast is offered at Egg Plantation, Corner Bakery, and Panera Bread. All have price ranges between $6-$10. These bakery cafes also offer a comfortable, friendly, fashionable place to study or hang out with friends. Egg Plantation in Newhall is home of 101 delicious omelets. Panera Bread and Corner Bakery not only offer breakfast, lunch, and dinner but free wire-less Internet as well. Way Station Coffee Shop and Eggs N Thi ngs are some mom and pop cafes that offer a wide variety of delectable breakfasts. Lunch/Dinner ? In the mood for Mexican food?Chronic Tacos (breakfast available), El Taco Llama, Qdoba Mexican Grill, and La Cocina Restaurant have good tasting lunch and dinner dishes that range anywhere from $5-10. The great thing about Qdoba is if you bring in a student ID then you are qualified for a free drink with your meal. Talk about a deal. Urbane Cafe is an excellent lunch or dinner stop that offer‘s some of the best sandwiches in Santa Clarita. Not only do you get a sandwich but a salad as well, both for $7. Just take a pick from their wide selection of sandwiches, soups, and salads. 4-Hour-Breakfast/Lunch/Dinner? If it is late and you are getting the munchies The Saugus Cafe is open 24 hours (Wednesday to Friday) with breakfast, lunch, and dinner all located within minutes from campus. Good service, friendly staff, a nice atmosphere, and affordable prices. That‘s what they all h ave in common. Just grab a friend and enjoy your meal. http://www. thetitanchronicle. com/editorials/2011/03/31/off-campus-lunches/ What if upperclassmen could have lunch off campus? That would be great news to 11th and 12th graders.It would mean upper-classmen would no longer be cooped up in school all-day; after all, this isn’t elementary school. We are young adults capable of handling the responsibility of leaving school. Set the bar high administrators, and if students decide not to come back, then consequences should be handed out. For example, if a student doesn’t come back to school, they would face suspension. Consider the age difference between the lower-class and the upper-class. Since the 11th graders and 12th graders have reached a certain level of maturity, they can handle eating lunch off campus.Upperclassmen are basically young adults and should continue to experience increased responsibilities so that they can become more productive members of our commu nity. Not everyone should enjoy off campus lunch; only students with good grades. Not only should upper-classmen have good grades, they should also have a good reputation with all administrators. Students allowed the privilege of eating off campus must be doing well in school. Just like in sports, if you have two failing grades you can’t play, well, if you have two failing grades, you can’t eat out off school grounds.School comes first for every student and needing to do well in order to eat off campus could influence some low achieving students to do better in class. There also should be record on who goes in and out of school, since keeping track of students who leave school grounds is a concern. The remedy is to have a sign in sheet. If students did not sign in and out, then suspension or other consequences would be doled out. The object is not to give students a chance to have extra free time or skip classes but to have them do something different and enjoy their s chool lunch at the same time.

Management 3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management 3010 - Essay Example lity, alignment and engagement should also be assessed as they are three competencies that every company requires to succeed in the current business environment. Jean Martin (2013), further states that talent management drives tremendous business results and points out some of the associated trends. The first trend that she considers is the changes in the complicated new work environment as far as the structure of the organization is concerned which has resulted in a shift in the manner in which work gets done. There have also been shifts in the number of people who are required to make decisions in companies in the past several years as well as changes in demographics in the workforce with has resulted in the workforce of organizations having three to four generations of workers working together. These different generations may have varying preferences, knowledge backgrounds and work styles. Additionally, employees have to deal with the new complicated work environment of organizations while at the same time seeking more from what they have creating a difficult changed environment. With the changes in the environment of the organization, th e demands for better performance from the workers have increased straining them with newer realities like changes in the amount of work that needs collaboration with other workers. According to Jean Martin (2013), four generations constitute the current workforce. These generations include the veterans, who are those that were born prior to 1946 and are associated with a strong work ethic. Majority of them served in the military and thus usually respect their seniors, while being associated with dedication and self-sacrifice. The baby boomers are those who were born in 1946 and 1964 and are thought to have come up with the sixty-hour workweek whilst being too competitive in some instance. This generation of workers turns endings to beginnings and they consider retirement as the beginning of their career’s transition. The

European Union and Ukraine. Eastern Partnership Essay

European Union and Ukraine. Eastern Partnership - Essay Example According to the paper the main factor driving the EU’s interests in Ukraine is energy. The EU Commissioner for external relations and ENP Benita Ferrero-Waldner stated that: â€Å"Energy and energy security have been at the heart of the European integration, energy is a perfect example of common sense driving ENP†. To sum up this perspective, it is clear that rationalism emphasizes that Ukraine’s democratic transformation are not of primary interest for the EU while economic. EU’s interest on energy resources is more important. The paper describes what for Ukraine needs EU and EU needs Ukraine. It shows all pluses and minuses accordig to this. Basically, the discourse used in Eastern Partnership reveals that the promotion of common values and democratic transformation as a first priority. As a framework, EaP is based on a reciprocal commitment between the EU and its neighbors that share common values. Under the Eastern dimension initiative EaP aims to diminish the barriers between a partner country and the EU by building of civil society and a closer co-operation based on common values. Basically, the discourse used in Eastern Partnership reveals that the promotion of common values and democratic transformation as a first priority. Ukraine is expected to gain some privileges out of maintaining bilateral relations as defined under the New Enhanced Agreement. However, Ukraine would remain outside of the enlargement policy. The paper describes a very interesting subject for research.

Role of communication within an organisation Essay

Role of communication within an organisation - Essay Example Derived from the Greek terminology organon, an organization can be defined as a social body which arranges one or two or more persons to pursue collective goals. Organization can be created with one or more than one person and the communication within the organization helps everyone to achieve its goal in a systematic manner. It should be remembered that proper communication implies the same meaning of a matter to everyone which is being evaluated collectively. It has been examined that almost nine-tenth of a manager’s work time is dedicated towards communicating in the organization (Kushal and Ahuja, 2009, p. 19). Different types of communication models are used in various organizational contexts. Broadly communication in an organizational context can be classified into two parts, namely, one way communication and two way communication. In one way communication the communication flows downward or upward. In most of the organization the one way communication is used for sending notice, policies etc., whereas, two way communication is basically used in most of the organization for sharing ideas, thought etc. As we know organization is nothing but aggregate of many entities, those can be structured in different forms, keeping in accordance with requirement of an organization so that the organizational purposes can be served through that particular method of communication in the best way possible. In complex matrix organization delayering is recommended. Most of the multinationals have adopted the delayeing method to cut the cost of reporting layers as well as to build effective communication among the organization within small groups which bridge the whole organization. Delayring also speeds up the communication as the decision is being taken by the lower level managers respect to their strata, which improves the communication in both upward and downward hierarchy it also increase the

Macroeconomics Objectives of Governments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics Objectives of Governments - Essay Example This paper offer a comprehensive review of the relative effectiveness of the different tools of macroeconomic policy, adopted by a different country`s governments, in attaining main macroeconomic objectives. The various theories, that suggest priority in utilization of specific tool, often interrelate and are applied by governments primarily to achieve sustainable economic growth. Generally, fiscal policy and monetary policy are used by the government to achieve the macroeconomic objectives. Whereas, fiscal policy is implemented by government through spending and taxation, monetary policy is essentially the responsibility of the central bank, through the controls of interest rates and the supply of currency. Both policies are implemented to reduce inflation rates and joblessness. Whereas, each macroeconomic goals can have repercussions on economic factors if they spiral out of control, a number essentially have a more significant impact on citizens. High rate of joblessness not only translates into lost revenue for the government, but can signify a permanent reduction in an individual’s chances of securing employment through loss of expertise. Low inflation rates is not a big issue, and as long as the citizens are in employment positions with adequate earnings; low rates of inflation will not result in any economic problem. Most people’s earnings, student endowment funds as well as pensions, are modified in line with commodity prices, and therefore, controlling inflation below the 2% level is not a major government concern. (Kiefer 2000). Nonetheless, increases in inflation may reach a point where its side effects reduces international competitiveness, dampens the hope of foreign inward investors, and shifts redistribution of income from savers to borrowers to a point that it is harsh economic impacts turns out to be a key government concern (Nayyar 2011). Fig 2. Aggregate Expenditure According to Jin (2007), a current account shortfall on the balance of payments may be of less significance to government organizations, especially if the capital markets and the national currency are stable. Conversely, this may imply that an economy’s expenditures have stretched past its revenue collection, and at a given point the expenditure will have to be countered by substantial inflows. The United Kingdom, for instance, has massive foreign investments with substantial revenue potential, which may imply the shortfall will be checked if the economic condition is left to take its own course (Fig 2). According to Kiefer (2008), whereas, governments should not attempt to correct current account shortfalls with demand management practices: policies leaning toward supply have shown better results in regard to the restoration of permanent competitiveness of the economy. According to Froud, Moran, Nilsson and Williams (2010), the most controversial of government objectives is the policy of imposing more taxes on the higher-end population and handing it to the lower-end, in order to bridge the gap between the two economic segments. Kiefer (2000), point out that redistributing revenue from the moneyed to the poor via

Higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Higher education - Essay Example I agree that too many people are joining colleges. There are several opportunities apart from going to college, and they are all viable. There are so many people going to college, and the most interesting thing is that there is a high rate of drop out compared to those graduating. The graduation rate is low as described by Murray in his article. It is evidential that there are six months certificates which are flexible as compared to four years stay in college. Also, most of the students spend up to six years in college; they could have invested the time in more viable ventures. All people that go to the college do not become successful. At the same time, too many people are joining the colleges leading the current education system into shamble (Murray 225). According to statistics, from the financial institutions, the competence of the financial students is wanting. Most of the people have tried to be fit and conform to the social norms of the society. No one is bound to fit into the social norm of the society, in fact, they must use creative and critical thinking does decide if to join the college or to become an electrician. The fact that too many people are going to college does not affect or influence an individual’s decision of joining the college. Joining the college must not me a communal decision but a personal decision (Murray 230). It is important to note that, not everyone who has the ability to make it through to college. Most of the skills must be learned in the alimentary and middle school. Murray describes the education system as a failing strategy. Most of the people in the society believe that everyone in the society must have a bachelor’s degree to be considered in the job market. People must do what they are good at and not what the society tells them to do. Money is not the reason for joining

Implementation of Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Implementation of Project Management - Essay Example Founded essentially as an automotive component manufacturer, the company started manufacturing electronic components for the military during the Gulf war. Soon after the Gulf war the company emerged a major component supplier for the space programme and when that business segment did not grow well, the company embarked upon the production of various other items relating to energy management, building products and machine tools in addition to automotive components. With a turnover of $ 600 million, the automotive components manufacture remained the major business activity of Hyten Corporation. The coordination of any new project or a new product from concept to market is the responsibility the ‘Business Development Department’ started to substitute the non-existent project management department. The business development department was taking decisions on the undertaking of any new products or services in a crude way based on macro factors like economic and industry indica tors without really going into the other details of the product or service. The activities of the department were conducted through informal meetings of the functional directors and the manpower for the department was met with people both from within and outside the organisation. With a view to redefine the functions of the business development department as a full fledged project management department Wilbur Donley, with five years experience as a project manager was hired by Hyten Corporation. When the process of establishing the formal project department in Hyten Corporation, there were different ideas and views expressed by the various departments of the company about the implementation of the project management which are summarized below: 3.0 General Observations on the Introduction of Project Management in Hyten Corporation: As a result of the discussion between Wilbur Donley, the project manager, Frank Harrel, the Manger for quality and reliability and George Hub, the Manager of manufacturing engineering the following points about the integration of formal project management in Hytel Corporation emerged: Presently due to lack of coordination among different departments, the marketing and manufacturing departments do not understand and appreciate the functions of the quality department

Discussion board forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Discussion board forum - Assignment Example However, there are certain advocates that indicate that this is an incorrect approach. Instead, these individuals promote the understanding that a far more effective technique is to modify the job, organizational structure, or management style as a function of reducing the impact of such stressors itself. Unfortunately, there are a number of key drawbacks with respect to this particular approach. The first of which has to do with the fact that stress itself will still be exhibited regardless of the organizational structure or approach that management might take to seeking to assuage this particular issue. As such, even if efforts are made to change the dynamic by which stress is passed on to the stakeholder, it is virtually impossible to diminish or otherwise read an entire organization or business/group of stakeholders from known stressors. Whereas it is of course admirable that firms are seeking to perform such a function as a way of shielding their employees from the detrimental physical and mental aspects that stress create, thereby considering the Golden rule and how the importance of treating others as one wishes to be treated itself is important, the difficulty and application of this particular approach is considered the fact that if stakeholders were successful in seeking to reduce the impact stress individuals at the lower end of the organizational chart, the stres s will necessarily be transferred to managers and leaders within the organization. Rather than moving the stress from one part of the organization to another, a far better approach is to understand that stress is a very real part of life and that the firm/organization/or group of stakeholders must take it upon each other to reach out and assist their fellow employees in situations in which extreme personal or departmental stress is being exhibited. In perfect application,

Article Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analysis - Article Example To argue this point Hardin develops the thesis of the tragedy of the commons as being borne out of a system that treats the public domain as something that is self-correcting to stasis, and that man works in accordance with what seems to be selfish interests but are in fact actions that in the end work toward the good of all. The tragedy of the commons is the idea that society and people seem blindsided by an appeal to the commons as something that is to be had by all, even when the commons that is referred to here, whether food, or land, or the ability of the environment to take in pollution and waste, are finite things. Hardin essentially says that in fact the individual cannot be trusted to work for the common good, and that society, hardwired as it is to treat the commons as something that is unlimited in supply, is in effect perpetually in a course to deplete the commons and to wreak havoc on the very same things that sustain it. Hardin essentially says that in a world of explod ing populations there is less and less room for the notion of the commons as something that can be exploited and used without restraint or conditions. This outdated notion worked when the populations were low and the actions of men individually and collectively had little effect on the quality and availability of those common things, in the same way that adding a pinch of salt to a glass of water would not alter the taste of the water substantially, but adding more and more salt would eventually change the character of the water and its taste fundamentally. This is the same with the commons and the way the commons has been conceived and abused by society. This old notion of the inexhaustible nature of the commons must go, according to Hardin. Already he says, there have been curbs set in place with regard to the land and the tilling and grazing of the land; in the disposal of

Project Risk Management Plan Essay Example for Free

Project Risk Management Plan Essay First of all we identify our project risks, which are let us know what to expect in the future and how to act during the problem. 1) Risks identification We highlighted couple categories of risks, which are most important to be ready against them. Procedural and technical failures – from failures of internal systems and control errors, organization, fraud, technical failures. Such as non- responding servers, any mistakes in the internal systems, broken servers, late updates, missing information, etc. Human – from individuals or organizations, illness, death. For example if the main IT person do not work cause the illness, we have to be ready to have any other backup to take action if needed. Operational – loss of control of organizational operations. Reputational – damage to reputation in the market. Such as customers dissatisfaction of the slow app working. 2) Qualitative risk analysis – prioritizing risks for further analysis or action by assessing and combining their probability of occurrence and impact. Our project idea related with the internet, servers and so on, so our main priority looking into probability of risks are to ensure a well-functioning app without any errors and failures. As a result we have priority of our risks. 1) Procedural and technical failures 2) Human 3) Operational 4) Reputational 3) Quantitative risk analysis – numerically analyzing the effect of identified risks on overall project objectives. 1) Procedural and technical failures – could bring dissatisfaction of customers. 2) Human – slower working of the app, errors and  failures of the app cause the misunderstanding information of the servers. 3) Operational loss of control of the organization. 4) Reputational- dissatisfaction of the customers, stakeholders, suppliers, employees. 4) Risk response planning – developing options and actions to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to project objectives To ensure well-functioning app we have to be ready for any risk and have a plan how to react. To reduce any threats we have to have professional IT specialists, have a great training system, that every employee would know basics how to react in any situation. The training system could lead to faster activities. Every department should be related with each other to get and know the newest information. Also we have to have backup specialists, which would help, if the other employee can’t work cause the illness. Also we can react using different strategies (depending on the risk situation) such as avoid-eliminate the threat entirely, transfer- shift the problem to the third party, mitigate – reduce the probability of occurrence or impact of a risk (adopt less complex processes, conduct more tests), or accept the risk before knowing all the details about that problem. 5) Risk control – implementing risk response plans, tracking identified risks, identifying new risks. Some employees have to be responsible for tracking identified risks, also identify new risks and be ready to act. Checking for newest information, threats and opportunities it is one of the way, how to control risks.

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay

Legal And Ethical Issues In Mental Health Nursing Nursing Essay This assignment aims to critically appraise an ethical conflict in relation to the care provided to a patient. It will explore how ethical decisions are reached and how they can directly influence patient care. To achieve this aim the author will examine a case study of a patient whose care he was involved with whilst in placement. We will look at how, after an episode of self-harm, the patient refused any medical treatment for the wound and how this posed an ethical dilemma for the nursing staff involved in their care. Using the application of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) (Great Britain (GB) 2005) and an established model for ethical decision making, we will look at how the decision of whether or not to enforce treatment for the wound was formulated and actioned. Ethics can be seen as the study of human conduct and morality (Buka 2008). It is about people reasoning, thinking and applying a process of reflection (Adshead 2010); however these people may have opposing views, values and experiences on which to base their moral judgements to define what is the right and wrong course of action (Hendrick 2009) and the principles used to decide this, not only by the individual but also within social groups and societies. (Adshead 2010). From this we can surmise that ethics is a complex system of reflective thinking, which is used in the search for a standard that can be used to judge your own actions, or the actions of others, within your own moral code. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) stipulates that nurses must respect a patients right to confidentiality at all times and ensure that the patient is informed about how information concerning them is shared. In accordance with this the name of the patient has been changed and permission has been sought from the patient to use them in the case study (Appendix 1). Case Study. Anitas story. Anita is a young woman with a primary diagnosis of emotionally unstable personality disorder borderline type as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2010). During a one-to-one therapeutic session Anita disclosed that she was having strong urges to self-harm. As such the therapeutic session concentrated on exploring her feelings surrounding her impulses, alternative coping mechanisms to manage her thoughts of self-harm and strategies to help maintain her safety upon the ward. As she felt that the pressure of being constantly watched would unsettle her further, thus not allowing her to manage her own feelings it was initially agreed to place Anita on intermittent observation as opposed to constant within the policy on self harm produced by the service that was caring for her (Oxford Health DATE). This approach was agreed in collaboration with Anita and the wider team as a way of her taking responsibility for her own decisions. Later in the shift Anita approached staff and stated that she had overwhelming urges to self-harm and that she had acted upon them. She was taken to the clinic room where the wound could be cleaned and assessed. Anita presented with a laceration to the inside of her thigh which was deep enough to expose the adipose tissue beneath, however was not deemed by the medical staff to be life threatening. Staff explained to Anita that the wound was deep enough to require stitching although not life threatening and advised her that she would need to attend the minor injuries unit of the local general hospital for assessment of the wound. At this time Anita, due to her mental state, could not fully appreciate the nature of the wound and felt that she needed to punish herself further by refusing treatment. The nurses on duty cleaned and bandaged the wound and allowed Anita time to consider the implications of her decision further. When Anita had calmed the nurse had a discussion surrounding the implications of not having the wound sutured such as infection, Anitas possible need to attack the wound in the future and pain relief issues, However Anita maintained her decision not to have the wound sutured. Following a wider team discussion around whether Anita understood the severity of the wound, thus having capacity to make a decision to refuse treatment, the Responsible Clinician (RC) spoke to Anita and attempted to persuade her to have the wound sutured. As Anita was still refusing to have the wound sutured the RC decided that an assessment would need to be carried out to ascertain whether Anita had the capacity to decide to refuse treatment. Upon completion of the assessment it was decided that Anita did have capacity to make decisions surrounding treatment at that time, within the framework of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005). This decision was reached due to Anita being able to understand the information being given to her, being able to retain the information and weigh it up to make a decision to refuse treatment. Although this appeared to be an unwise decision, which felt uncomfortable to the team, it was agreed to monitor the wound, keep it clean and dry and continue to talk to Anita about her thoughts and feelings surrounding getting medical treatment for the wound. This collaborative approach allowed Anita opportunities to explore her emotions, thoughts and feelings and promote her autonomy whilst still allowing her to decide to have the wound sutured should she change her mind. The main legal and ethical dilemmas that can be extracted from this case study are whether the Anitas capacity to make decisions about her treatment should be overridden by use of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) and whether Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. The Legal Dilemma. Mental Capacity. What legal Dilemma can be hypothesised as underpinning the decision making process of the mental health professionals in this case? Anita initially made her decision to refuse treatment shortly after self-harming. Self-harm has been strongly associated with borderline personality disorder (Motz 2008) where thoughts of self-loathing and self-punishment are common precipitators; the act of self harm can be seen as a symptom of internal turmoil, an expression of internal pain or as controlling factor to maintain a level of care (Grocutt 2009). This may indicate that Anita was under a great deal of distress at the time, which could have affected her capacity to make sound decisions; however her later decision of continuing to refuse treatment was based on her own morals and values towards her body that may have included these thoughts of self-loathing and the need to be punished. Although a person, under part four Mental Health Act (GB 2007) can be treated for mental disorder without the ir consent, it is important to note that a physical problem can only be treated without consent should the person lacks capacity and treatment is deemed to be in their best interests under the auspice of the Mental Capacity Act (GB 2007, MIND 2009). To help determine whether Anita has capacity, The Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out a two stage functional approach. Firstly the practitioner needs to ascertain whether the person being assessed has some sort of disturbance of the mind and, if such a disturbance exists then it must affect their ability to make decisions when they need to (Department of Constitutional Affairs (DoCA) 2007:45). If this is not the case then the person cannot be seen as lacking capacity under the Act (GB 2005, DoCA 2007). In considering whether Anita needed to make the decision around treatment, we can see that, as the wound was not life threatening, it was decided to allow her time to settle and re-approach the question of treatment. The Mental Capacity Act (GB 2005) is clear in expressing that capacity is time and decision specific. In deciding that the decision could be made at a later time not only complies with the Act but also promotes Anitas autonomy. As the wound could be safely managed in the s hort term upon the ward the decision to allow Anita time to weigh up the information was the correct one to make. Conflicting ethical principles and dilemmas Lakeman (2009) points out that an ethical dilemma occurs when there are a multitude of alternative courses of action to deal with a particular situation. Conflicting moral principles may create difficult ethical dilemmas for nurses by having to contravene one moral obligation to uphold another (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Anitas ability to make autonomous decisions surrounding her care should outweigh the nurses obligation towards beneficence. However this may not feel entirely comfortable for the nurse. In mental health nursing, autonomy is sometimes overridden in the interests of promoting the principle of beneficence (Lakeman 2009). Which can make the nurses ethical dilemma difficult to manage due to balancing the two valid ethical principles of autonomy (respecting and supporting decisions making) and beneficence (relieving or minimising harm in the best interest of the patient) (Hendrick 2004, Beauchamp Childress 2009). To answer the question we need to examine how the dilemma sits within an ethical theory and the principles that apply. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) devised four basic moral principles which function as guidelines for professional ethical decision making. The principles of autonomy (freedom to act on your own belief), Nonmaleficence (obligation to avoid doing harm), Beneficence (providing benefits and help) and Justice (fair distribution of benefits, risk and cost) which are derived from a duty based theory of Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) (Beauchamp Childress 2009). Principle 1 Autonomy. Respect for autonomy flows from the recognition that all persons have unconditional worth, each having the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is to treat that person merely as a means: that is, in accordance with others goals without regard to the persons own goals. Beauchamp Childress (2009: 103) after Kant Autonomy is the freedom and ability to act in a self determined manner (Butts Rich 2008: 42) and the right of a rational person to achieve personal decisions without any outside interference. Therefore the principle of respecting autonomy concerns the nurses acknowledgement of, and obligation in respecting, Anitas decision over her own life. It may be that Anita is already feeling a loss of autonomy or disempowerment by the very nature of being a patient upon a secure ward and being under the Mental Health Act (GB 2007) and the restriction of her basic autonomous decisions such as when to eat, sleep or who she resides with. Therefore it may need to be considered whether Anitas is refusal of treatment is something that she feels in control of, thus a way in which she feels empowered. Principle 2 Beneficence. Morality requires not only that we treat persons autonomously and refrain from harming them, but also that we contribute to their welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[is therefore]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. These beneficial actions fall under the heading of beneficence. Beauchamp and Childress (2009: 197) Beneficence can be seen as actions to benefit and promote the welfare of others (Butts Rich 2008). All actions that are performed by nurses can be regarded as having a moral dimension, most of which are for the benefit of the patient (Edwards 2009). The NMC Code of Professional Conduct is clear in stating that nurses have an obligation to both protect and promote the health and wellbeing of patients as their primary consideration (NMC 2008:2) and this is no different for mental health nurses working with patients who self-harm. This statement clearly incorporates the principle of beneficence and shows that the nurses in the case study are considering whether Anita should have medical treatment for the wound enforced upon her due to the principle of beneficence as described due to the worries of the wound becoming infected if not sutured. The dilemma. When nurses experience the ethical dilemma of having to enforce treatment irrespective of a patients right to autonomy, they can be seen as working in a paternalistic manner (Butts Rich 2008). In Anitas case, the nurses worry that the consequences of the wound becoming infected is driving their desire to treat the wound irrespective of Anitas wishes. However, although the actions on behalf of nurses is clearly driven by obligations towards beneficence, nurses need to weigh up the harms and benefits of enforcing treatment before acting in such a way as to produce the best outcome for Anita (Edwards 2009). A paternalistic approach is frequently used to infringe upon a persons right to autonomy. This infringement is supported by the principle of beneficence, which is the argument frequently used to impose treatment on patients whether they want it or not (Buka 2008: 29). Should the decision to treat Anita for her self harm regardless of her wishes have gone ahead, there may have been a risk of impacting on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. This relationship is built upon trust as well as purposeful and effective communication (Buka 2008) and is considered to be the cornerstone of nursing care (Lakeman 2009, Pryjmachuk 2011).Therefore the nurses would need to consider future risk as part of the ethical decision making process. Enforcing treatment on Anita may produce barriers to the therapeutic relationship such as difficulties in trusting the nurse in the future, disengagement from therapeutic communication, opposition and rejection of future treatment, increased self harming behaviours due to the trauma and hostility towards others (Kettles et al 2007, Byrt 2010), all of which may stop Anita from telling the nursing team when she self-harms in future episodes of distress. Which raises the principle of Nonmaleficence (doing no harm), in thi s instance to the therapeutic relationship, wellbeing and care of Anita. The decision to manage the wound on the ward and allow Anita time to calm and consider her options is, in the authors opinion, the correct course of action to take. As the wound was neither life threatening or of such a degree that it could not be safety managed upon the ward enabled the staff to consider the possibility of allowing Anita to make an autonomous choice. In considering Anitas wishes and agreeing a management plan to care for the wound incorporates both principles of Anitas autonomy and the nurses obligation towards beneficence. Beneficence could be interpreted to incorporate the patients autonomous choice as the best interests of the patient are intimately linked with their preferences [from which]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are derived our primary duties towards them (Beauchamp Childress 2009:207). If the nurses obligation to act beneficently is informed by the patients choices and preferences, then the respect for the patients autonomy will ultimately override any paternalistic actions on the part of the nurse (Beauchamp Childress 2009). This would not only encourage a supportive nurse-patient relationship but also provides care that is holistic, develops Anitas confidence in being able to negotiate her care and allows her to take greater personal responsibility, thus instilling empowerment and hope, all of which improve the potential for recovery. The practice of paternalism is now generally discouraged in health care (Butts Rich) and is considered unjustifiable in cases where the patient has capacity to make a decision (Edwards 2009, Beauchamp Childress 2009). Conclusion. Every decision that a nurse makes concerning the care of a patient needs to be considered from an ethical base. Any decision made from this ethical viewpoint has a higher probability of producing the best outcome under any given circumstance. The conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence that have been presented within this case study would both be ethically and morally correct courses of action to take. From this we can surmise that a morally correct course of action may involve two opposing principles being applicable in any one situation. Are large proportion of moral and ethical dilemmas that are faced by nurses stem from the conflicting principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, the nurses ability to critically appraise risks and benefits will help them to make decisions that are beneficial to the patient involved. In encouraging autonomy for Anita involves taking risks on the part of the nurses which may go against their principles of Nonmaleficence and beneficence. However with collaborative working practices this case study has shown that solutions can be found in even the most complicated of nursing dilemmas. Word Count 2687.

Examination of Macbeths Character :: essays research papers

Power can be taken, but not given: An Examination of Macbeth's Character in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Character develops itself in the stream of life. Individuals in society each contain unique character traits that are constantly evolving. In William Shakespeare?s Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes many tremendous changes in his character. Macbeth?s character changes throughout the play because of the murders of King Duncan, Banquo and Macduff?s family. First, Macbeth?s murder of King Duncan changes him by triggering his ambition, revealing his fear and revealing his regret. For example, in his first appearance on stage, the Macbeth described as brave and noble has his ambition triggered: First Witch. All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis! Second Witch. All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! Third Witch. All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter! Banquo. Good sir, why do you start [?] (Shakespeare I.iii.48-51) Clearly, Macbeth?s sudden movement at the news that he will be king shows how his ambition is triggered. Macbeth is so excited that he starts, and Banquo notices this. In addition, Macbeth?s soliloquy in scene seven reveals his fears about killing Duncan: Macbeth. But in these cases We still have judgement here, that we but teach Bloody instruction, which being taught, return To plague the inventor. (I.vii.7-10) Evidently, Macbeth is afraid of killing King Duncan because he believes if he performs an act of evil, then it will come back to haunt him. This is the first time in the play where Macbeth shows any sign of fear. Furthermore, the murder of King Duncan reveals a deep sense of regret within Macbeth: ?To know my deed, ?twere best not know myself. / Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou could?st!? (II.ii.73-75). Already, Macbeth is regretting killing King Duncan, and this drastically changes his character (before committing the murder he was confident due to Lady Macbeth?s persuasions). Thus, Macbeth?s murder of King Duncan changes him by triggering his ambition, revealing his fear and revealing his regret. Second, the murder of Banquo changes Macbeth by causing psychological harm, creating unease within Macbeth, and making Macbeth determined to continue with his plan of evil. For example, at the feast Macbeth hosts, he sees the ghost of Banquo: Macbeth. The table?s full. Lennox. Here is a place reserv?d, sir. Macbeth. Where? Lennox. Here, my good lord. What is?t that moves your Highness? Macbeth. Which of you have done this? Lords. What, my good lord? Macbeth. Thou canst not say I did it: never shake Thy gory locks at me.

Hospital Pharmacy Essay -- Medicine

The subspecialty in pharmacy I choose is hospital pharmacy. As a current employee at the University of Utah inpatient pharmacy, I see the implementation of the concepts of pharmacy informatics discussed in class. Pharmacy informatics enables me to practice pharmacy quickly, safely, and in the best interests of the patient. The computerized physician order entry allows for less error and requires less interpretation by the pharmacy staff. This saves the pharmacists time which they can allocate to verifying more orders. Having a computer system with the ability to verify a drug ordered via the NDC number and implementing a final check by a pharmacist is a great contributor to patient safety. Pharmacy informatics provides us with the computer systems, databases, and interfaces to ensure the patient is getting the correct drug in the correct strength at the correct time for the disease. The medication use cycle consists of prescribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring.(1) As mentioned previously, the computerized physician order entry communicates the order to the pharmacy. This order absolutely cannot be dispensed until a pharmacist verifies the order, whereby it is sent to the work path to be pulled. The interface between these two systems is crucial to the retrieval of the drug for administration. The next step is administration to the patient by the nurse. The nurse relies on the electronic medical record to indicate what drug is needed for a patient and the time of administration. This again relies on a crucial interface between the system in which the pharmacist verifies the order and its subsequent appearance on the electronic medical record. Depending on whether the medicine cabinet has the drug or th... ...le of standards and vocabulary is crucial for clinical decision support (CDS) to function properly. The basis of the â€Å"knowledge† possessed by the CDS is the ontology programmed within it. It lacks the ability to critically think and only possesses the knowledge programmed within it via standards. If one system is using one vocabulary and trying to communicate with another system which is using a different vocabulary, the system will not understand. This can result in medication errors or lack of proper medication therapy and management. References 1. Lombardi, P.T. (2000). â€Å"Closing the Loop – Implementing Quality Improvement Processes and Advances in Technology to Decrease Medication Error.† MedScape Today. 2. Van der Maas, A.F. et al. (2001). â€Å"Requirements for Medical Modeling Languages.† J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001 Mar-Apr; 8(2): 146–162.

Sources of Finance for a Business Essay -- Papers

Sources of Finance for a Business For a business to successfully run, it must have sources of finance. These are methods of financing the running of the business, buying of stock and paying of workers. Small businesses and large businesses have different sources of finance. In this section, I will discuss the different sources of finance used by small and large businesses, and the advantages and disadvantages of each, starting with small businesses. Setting up a business costs money. For instance, setting up a bakery involves buying or renting a shop and buying stocks of flour and so on. One source of finance for a new business is equity or equity capital. This is money which is put into the business by its owners. The baker for instance, may have savings of  £20,000 which are used to buy a lease on a shop and start a sole proprietorship. They may also go into a partnership with another person, with each putting in  £10,000 of their own savings. The advantage of using equity capital is that, as it is the owner’s money, no extra cost or interest is charged when using it. The problem with equity capital is that it is difficult to gather in the first place. It is often difficult for small and medium sized businesses to find individuals to provide equity. Or, if the business is a sole proprietorship, the owner may be short of money to provide equity. Retained profit is also the most important source of finance for large businesses in the UK. Once the business has been set up, it will want to make a profit. This profit is owned by the owners of the business. Retained or undistributed profit is where these profits are kept back for us... ...ho set up their own businesses. They also provide training and support. Other grants are available to businesses which operate in areas of low income and high unemployment. Grants are good for businesses because they are given for free, with no interest or payment charges. However, they are fairly uncommon for everyday businesses and are only given to businesses which need the boost in funds. For a business to succeed, it needs to find the right balance of finance. It is important that it is well-placed to survive any financial problems it might go through. In my business, it is vital to carry out extensive research to ensure that I will have the right amount of funds to carry out everyday running of the business. If this does not happen and I do not find the correct sources of finance then my business will fail.

The No child Left Behind Statute

The â€Å"No child Left Behind† statute introduced by President Bush and passed by the congress has created a number of problems for the educational programs intended for adolescents in elementary and secondary schools. The financial situation of the elementary and secondary schools is extremely poor because the states governments have been eliminating vital elementary educational programs. The school administrations have been reluctant to provide extended courses to the students. Furthermore, the textbooks are not being printed consistently, making not only the students but also the teachers extremely vulnerable and helpless. The funding disparity has also created huge gaps between the education being provided to the children belonging to the rich families and those belonging to the poor ones. The shortcomings and the rhetoric behind â€Å"No child left behind† act needs to be exposed so that effective measures can be taken to curtail the damage (Susan, 2003). The consistent lack of attention being given to elementary and secondary education, particularly to adolescent literacy is posing a grave threat to the future of the American education system. The purpose of this thesis is to reveal the shortcomings of â€Å"No child left behind† law by first understanding the basic details of the act related to adolescent literacy programs and then persuasively assessing the loopholes in it. Lastly, the thesis gives carefully crafted recommendations aimed at not only the federal and state governments but also the school districts, parents and the educators. The aim is to create an understanding of the present and future needs for those educational programs that are aimed at adolescents and identifying the present gaps in the federal educational law. The American value of education emphasizes that all children, regardless of their gender, religion ethnicity should be able to acquire the basic skills of education and then carry those basic skills through to the elementary, secondary and high level education. Unfortunately, research has shown that the reality of the present education system is on the contrary. In a recent study, conducted by â€Å"National Assessment of Educational Progress† (NAEP, 2002), it has been noted that as much as 26% of the students are unable to read their textbooks fluently and almost half cannot comprehend the meaning of the text (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). It is worth noting that the legislators and government officials realize the gravity of the situation but have been unable to cope with it. If nearly half of the students in the elementary schools are unable to effectively read their course books, then, these students will find higher education very difficult. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† act has made things even more difficult because the focus has been on a long-term solution, whereas, it is imperative that the needs of the present generations are addressed immediately. This is because millions of students will be unable to cope with the demands of the future workplace needs if their basic educative skills are not enhanced at the right time (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). The challenge for the present legislators, teachers, parents and school administrations is to counter the threat of adolescent illiteracy by introducing effective programs, backed by appropriate amount of government funds. The difficultly lies in the ineffectiveness of the present educational law to cater the needs of adolescents as the most problematical educational dilemma to deal with has been the deficiency in the reading, writing and speaking skills of adolescents. The present educational and political leadership need to create and implement productive adolescent educational programs, which are feasible in the present schooling environment (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). Dough Mesecar, who is currently a senior policy adviser to the secretary of Education, while giving his comments on the present status of the NCLB act asserts in an interview, â€Å"The achievement scores are up, and we're very pleased to see both the achievement gap starting to close, kids are learning more, a very positive report in the sense that the Center for Education Policy report is a self-survey, so these are states and districts reporting on their own to the center that their scores are up, achievement gaps are closing. So we feel very positive that this is yet another report showing the trends are definitely heading in a positive direction. † Contrary to the above statement, many experts believe that the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† act presents a grave threat to the American values. But, before revealing the shortcomings of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† law, it is imperative that the basic features of the law that are related to elementary education are clearly understood. It is important to note that at least four areas of the act have been considered to have severe repercussions on the adolescent literacy. These four features are as follows: The â€Å"No child left behind† (NCLB) act encourages superior standards. The law makes it imperative that those schools, which are being supported by the government through funds, align their endeavors with the standards set by the local state. Furthermore, the law makes it imperative for these schools to employ only skilled and qualified workforce and only work on evidence-founded programs that are time-oriented and result-oriented. It is believed that these measures will enhance the level of education because it will not only minimize the inadequacy of unqualified teachers but also enhance learning as only scientifically verified teaching initiatives will be offered to the adolescents (Jim Donlevy, 2002). The law asserts that the annual progress of all the schools will be noted in relation to the competence achieved by the students in subjects such as mathematics and science, and in skills such as reading, writing and speaking. Standardized procedures and methods will be drafted to evaluate the progress of each district, school, as well as every group within each school. It is important to note that these â€Å"assessments† have put a great deal of added stress on all elementary schools because they have to align their educational endeavors within the parameters of elementary education set by the state (Jim Donlevy, 2002). The NCLB act has set very high standards for elementary schools all over America. If a particular school fails to meet the standards of the state for 2 successive years then that particular school will have to craft counteractive programs. Should the school fail to meet the State†s requirements for the 3RD consecutive year, tougher measures will be introduced, which may include replacements in the school workforce, complete modification of the school syllabus and maybe even state takeover (Jim Donlevy, 2002). The law allows parents to send their children to a school located in another district should their present school fail to meet the standards set by the State. The cost for this transfer of school along with the daily cost of transportation will be met by the local government. Furthermore, if the students attending these low-performing schools need home-tutoring or any other measure to augment their children†s achievements, then the local government will provide funds for those measures as well. The primary objective of the NCLB law is to enhance the possibility of success in elementary education for all Americans. This is being done by placing specific standards and then taking effective measures to make sure that these requirements are being met (Jim Donlevy, 2002). The most severe negative outcome for the elementary schools will be that they will loose their freedom to experiment with the instructional methods. While scientifically proven methods offer a great deal of benefits to the students, the creativity and progress in discovering newer and more effective instructional methods will be lost. Furthermore, while numerous research studies about effective reading methods have been conducted, very little research exists on other educative areas, such as speaking, writing and learning. Therefore, elementary teachers and schools will be finding it very difficult to meet the standards of the State (Jim Donlevy, 2002). Another major loophole in the NCLB act is that the â€Å"counteractive measures† for schools will be extremely costly. It is important to note that the measures set forth for under-performing schools are unfeasible to implement. If the number of schools that fail to comply with the standards set by the State for 2 successive years increases substantially, then the funds required to bring the necessary changes in the workforce, syllabus and structures of the schools or a complete State takeover will be extremely difficult to manage as the funds for education are being slashed every year by the Bush Administration (Jim Donlevy, 2002). The condition laid out by the NCLP to only employ specialized, qualified and licensed teachers is posing severe problems for struggling schools. It is vital to note that those schools that have either failed to or are struggling to comply with the standards set by the local government consistently employ replacement-teachers from far-off areas and are bound to face shortages of licensed teachers. Furthermore, many experts believe that this tendency will increase in the coming years and the struggling schools will face tougher challenges to meet this condition, while those schools that have been meeting the State†s standards of initiatives have been consistently employing certified teachers. Therefore, the persistence of the NCLB act to employ only licensed and specialized teachers has made it unrealistic for low-performing schools to meet this condition (Jim Donlevy, 2002). Additional troubling features of the NCLB Act The funds allocated for the successful implementation of NCLB are not only limited but also very poorly directed. While the NCLP act lays clear emphasis and provides adequate funds for crafting accountability structures and carrying out transformations for schools that fail to comply with the Standards of the State, it fails to provide adequate funds for conducting research on equally important academic areas for adolescents† literacy, namely, educator training and constant learning, the needs and interests of adolescents and framework for educating and learning in subject areas. This misdirection of funds will further hamper the progress of low-performing schools (Mark W. Conley and Kathleen A. Hinchman, 2004). Furthermore, NCLB gives very little consideration to the framework of literacy strategies. The three areas cited in the NCLB act are alphabetic acquaintance, fluency, and comprehension strategies. While the adolescents have been able to develop the first two categories (alphabetic knowledge and fluency), they have found the last category (comprehension strategies) to be extremely difficult. This is mainly due to the fact that new frameworks for subject-contents are being developed, which create the need for the development of newer comprehension strategies. Nevertheless, several studies have asserted that NCLB mirrors very limited research on this issue and sets a very restricted standard on strategies related to the development of newer comprehension strategies (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000; Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998; Alexander & Jetton, 2000). It is important to note that adolescents do not come prepared for the challenges they will face in their elementary and secondary education. One cannot wait for newer laws to be enacted or school reforms to be initiated. Immediate strategies have to be developed so that the present threats emerging from the NCLB act can be turned into an opportunity for all schools. The federal and local State governments should reflect on the following strategies for immediate and quick-fix actions: Firstly, recognizing those strategies that have been successfully implemented by high-performing schools and then enforcing the low-performing schools to adopt those strategies (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). In order to present those successful strategies to low-performing schools and ensuring that they have comprehensively understood all the aspects of the strategies, the government ought to set up presentation-places to illustrate those plans and achievements (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). Encourage programs that educate teachers on scientifically verified instructional methods. Despite the fact that confusion about the proper definition of adolescent literacy still prevails, modern research has been able to give some direction to the dilemma. These directions should be used as a framework to allocate funds for teacher training programs that have been clinically verified to be productive (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). Increased consideration should be given to literacy instruction because no current teacher training programs inform the teachers about the difficulties they will face while dealing with the literacy instructions in their teaching careers (Michael F. Hock and Donald D. Deshler, 2003). These recommendations should be implemented with immediate affect because we are all aware that schools are very multifaceted and therefore manifold characteristics and strategies have got to be adopted (Darling-Hammond, 1997; Marzano, 2003). It is important for the government officials to note that neither the adolescents nor the teachers can be ignored because they both are the pillars for growth and development of any society (e. g. , Pressley, 2001; Strickland & Morrow, 2000; Stronge, 2002) (Margaret Taylor, 2004) The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† act can be considered to be more idealistic than realistic because while the aims are very noble, the funds required to achieve these noble aims are very limited and a number of vital issues have been ignored. The State governments have been busy in establishing high standards of achievements for all schools without making efforts to really understand the complexities of the present system and the repercussions of their policies on the schools, parents, teachers and the students. Therefore, a proper reaction to the present threats being posed by the NCLB act should be thorough, carefully directed, and all-inclusive if across-the-board transformations are desired. Lastly, endeavors to bridge the differences amid the objectives and the present capabilities have got to be the most important concern if the aim is for adolescents to productively challenge the needs of the business and the society.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Essay

IntroductionWhen dig out took tallyice in 1997 they cl looked that they would be tough on hatred and the bears of abhorrence. The first 6 months were unprecedented, with six reference documents be released on preteen and nuisance each containing its procl object glass proposals these were first published in Tackling offspring annoyance, Reforming jejuneness arbiter ( grind 1996). To start this essay I result first plow Labours 1997 White Paper, No more than excuses A impertinent fire to tackling early days hatred in England and Wales, where indemnity was laid out and because afterwards legislated in The horror and Dis must(prenominal)er up out operation 1998. From this I testament evaluate the helplessnesses and effectualnesss of the assorted elements of this polity which result include the pushs of the youth nicety outline. hence in the hour subtr be active move to evaluate the abolition of the doli incapax, the concernation pitch and p a tomic number 18nting govern. three manyly I result evaluate the electric razor prophylactic order, topical anaesthetic anesthetic youngster curfew, final operate of monition scheme, work on plan order. The fourth part will be an evaluation of the handgrip and development order and brisk arrangements for fix send backs of 12-16 class olds. And fin every conk(predicate)y the establishment of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth anger Teams and the duties of the topical anesthetic anesthetic g overning and different periodncies to fix sure the availability of the appropriate youth proficientice go. And then fin alin concerty encounter altogether my findings together to produce a blank and comprehensive conclusion which I believe has m whatsoever specialisations and some(prenominal)(prenominal) weaknesses.The Labour administrations 1997 White paper, No more excuses A new surface to tackling youth discourtesy in England and Wales is a doc ument which desexualizes out labours political platform of rejuvenate for the youth unspoiledice clay in England and Wales, it conducts atomic number 18 a clear scheme to condition offend and re- anger, that wrongdoers, and their p bents, face up to their offending behavior and prosecute obligation for it, earlier, more efficient hitch when untried battalion first offend, faster, more business analogous procedures from ar sleep to reprove, partnership mingled with either youth jurist maturatencies to deliver a better, faster musical arrangement base routine (1997).According to the fireside position (1997) the aim of the youth legal expert system is to prevent offending by adolescent quite a little. And the Crime and unsoundness Bill has in it a requirement that it is the barter of altogether people workings in the youth aloneice system to uphold these. The requirement covers all the youth fair(a)ice agencies in England and Wales homogeneous the police, social service the probation services and otherwises working in the Youth Offending Teams, the vest prosecution service, defence solicitors, the prison services and lawcourts and the track they deal with youth adults. The assign is that this will provide unity amidst them all and that everyone is striving for the say(prenominal) finding.The governing will in like manner complement this with a new proposal for a new Youth Justice Board for England and Wales who will leap advice on how to set standards and how to observe performance. besides this will non take over or supersede practitioners previous roles, save will support them to comprehend their actions and choices when they deal with preadolescent people this run agroundation help to dwell offending and under(a)(a)structure prevent avertible delays much(prenominal) as the chances of offending when awaiting prison term acquit nonice be reduced, too make young people responsible for their cause behaviours which crumb help youths understand and tack their behaviours. besides lodge and custodial penalties whose priorities be on the causes of offending which tolerate be en perpetrated tail end help. This duty that has been verbalise is a clear potential rescue the variant agencies and services in the equivalent line and having one clear aim of what the task ahead is this withal eliminates any confusion that might make water existed.The government gibe to the position Office (1997) proposes that an aim of youth justice system and the duty discussed previously and their practitioners would be support by more comp permite, non statutory objectives for these agencies. These would support the proposals make by Jack Straws Youth Justice depute outcome which is a variety of people and groups that guard a high knowledge of the system and sacrifice now issues of victims and representatives of the governmental departments.The Task Force stated their recom mendations for preventing offending which were, a speedy administration of justice so that the accused matter asshole be sorted out quickly, confronting offenders with the con ecological successions of their actions, for themselves their families, victims and their communities. Punishment which reflects the earnestness and the persistence of the offending. Also to support reparation to victims by the offenders and to dexterityen the responsibilities of p bents and to help offenders to fix their problems and to build a sense of the individualised self. This is excessively ability as all heterogeneous have a veracious knowledge of the problems and the system and would be a good option to the system to have. And also what the Task Force has recommended is also a good step forward as it is these that have stopped the system from being efficient. moving onto the abolition of the doli incapax the reparation order and p atomic number 18nting order. The doli incapax according to Mu ncie (2009275) In England and Wales, children fewer than 10 could non be found abominable of a flagitious offence, and the law for more years believed that those under 14 were unequal to(p) of felon intent. But during the 1990s the doli incapax, which had been in the law since the 14th century, was being challenged by two the unspoiled and the left. This was due to the Bulger case, the policy was put under review by the conservatives after the 1994 High Court ruling. common chord years later it was abolished in the Crime and distract exploit, the reasons given up for this were so that they could convict young offenders who wreaked havoc on communities this was base on the fact that they believed that 10 and 13 year olds could capable of knowing between right and wrong.This was against what the UN had recommended for The UK which they had do in 1995 then 2002 to come in line with the put down of Europe notwithstanding the government went all in all in the other con cern. They gave no direction to the courts and to the youth offending teams that overall child welf be is the main consideration. This is a weakness as it contradicts what Labour had said in thither White Paper, and the fact that the YOTs would be confused with conflicting policies. This jurisprudence manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this arse be seen just by feel at the rest of Europe atomic number 18 the children in the UK not the same.The reparation order is for young adults to understand the cost of their actions and to take responsibility for them. What is asked is that they bear on the injury caused directly to the victim by dint of mediation if they both tot up or to the community indirectly cleaning up graffiti and other tasks around the community. This would be man vulcanised by the YOT, this can be a real effect in the reformation process better-looking something back to the victims and the community and being able to see the damage th ey have caused helping to c bent-grasse their lives around.Also the p atomic number 18nting order which has been stated by the home(a) Office (1997) to be created so that it can give support to p atomic number 18nts so they can control their children. The order requires parents wait on a counselling or guidance posing once a week for 3 months and if the courts think that it is needed then a requirement to make sure that children attend school and to see that they get al-Qaida on a definite c manoeuvre. This is also a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents allow their children do what they demand to and so this is a good commission of do parents act so that they can help their children from offending. immediately moving onto the child safety order, which according to the Home Office (1997) has been developed to shelter children who are under ten where at that plant is risk that these children will be complicated in execration or signs of anti s ocial behaviour can be seen. This could be available to local government in the family proceeding court. A court would be able to make a child stay at home(a) at a true time or ban them from going to sure places. They could also stop sure behaviours like truanting this could also be combined with a parenting order.And if these are not obeyed then the local authority can start proceedings. The strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this right smart by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giving supreme results. Then in that respect is the topical anesthetic child curfew which is for the Childs own good and to stop neighbourhood crime and disorder and states that children should not be out without supervision at night. This can be used by the local authorities and police yet they would have to get permission from the Home writing table. Also the council could then bar children under 10 from certain public places after c ertain times. These can last for up to 90 days and if these are to be extended then police and local community. The strength of this is that it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community.Then there is the final standard where the Home Office (1997) has replaced the cautioning with a statuary police reprimand, what happens is that the police can see to reprimand a child and give them a final ideal or to bring criminal charges to the offender. What then happens is a community intervention programme is forced which makes the offender and his family address the causes this behaviour which can help solve the problem. What the final sample entails is that the first offence the offender can receive a reprimand by the police if the crime is not that ripe and if it carries on then a another(prenominal)(prenominal) final warning or criminal charges can be pressed.But on no grounds must 2 final warnings be given. The strength of this is t hat it lets the offender know that they will be exacting and will not put up with it again a final warning is a final warning. Also an action plan order which is like a community penalty for young offenders, this is a small, rigorous programme where community intervention is used combined with penalization and replacement so that the offenders behaviour can be changed and more crime can be stopped. The strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods concurrently like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success.Moving onto and new arrangements for practiced remands of 12-16 year olds. The Home office (1997) state that the government should have undeniable powers to remand to tighten accommodation. For young people who are of the age 10-16 and are awaiting trial. And so The Criminal Justice human activity 1991 and the Criminal Justice and Public clubhouse Act 1994 included in its provide to amend the Chil dren and Young Persons Act 1969 which was to exit courts to remand 12-16 years olds directly to apprehend local authority accommodation with certain conditions.But this was not put into operation. The conservatives had started a building programme which was for 170 new local authority gear up places, there completion date was 1998. But Labour said that these would be not enough. And so declared to use the Crime and Disorder Bill to implement court uniform remand power on some groups of youths. Priority would be gives to 12-14s then girls of the age 15 and 16 and also boys of that age when places become available. This is due to courts believing that these children are vulnerable and they are emotionally and physically immature and so there is a danger that they could harm themselves, this is also strength as it recognises that they are still young just this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels.Also detention and training orders, t hese will give powers the Home Office (1997) states can be used for 10-17 year olds and courts can use these only if it is a very proficient crime and if they are persistent offenders and the court believes it is needed to comfort the public. This will also added to 10-11 year olds and would only be permitted by sevens if seen to be needed. The length of the sentence will be divided, half of it will be in custody and half in community supervision and this also could be adjusted if good behaviour is seen. This is a good as it does not just jaw a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to further crimes provided with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways.Then Maguire, Morgan and Reiner (2002560) discuss Labours new youth justice which is the forming of the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and the Youth offending Teams (YOTs) and also what takes place done this legislation is a restructure of non custodial penalties in the youth court. So considering Labours main aim of having a youth justice system which prevents offending by children and young adults, the way labour went about this is to impose order from the centre. there tools to enable this was a memorial of legislations, also the then Home secretary Jack Straw formed a youth justice task force the aim of this was to keep a flush link with all the other agencies involved with young offenders. Due to the section 41 of the Crime Disorder Act the YJB had off into a non departmental public eubstance which was then sponsored by the Home Office.The hypothesise of the YJB was to monitor the transmitning of the youth justice system and the provision of the youth justice services and also the national standards and establishing the right performance measures. What also the 1998 Act made possible was for the home secretary to give the board more powers which included the YJB bonnie the missionary stationing body o f all the placements that are under 18 in a secure facility on remand or have a sentence from the courts. The YJB was also given control over commissioning places including prison services YOTs, secure training centres (STCs) and local authority secure units. This is also strength as it brings together all the agencies under one capital you could say and so the aims are soundless by all and are the same this can only help.This brings me to managerialism, the reason the YJB and the YOTs were set up in the first place was because according to Muncie (2009297) investigations from the Public Accounts Committee, Audit commission and the National Audit Office recommended and supported subjugating professional skills independent managerial ideals of what works, which could get hold of certain resources to credible and successful outcomes and which could initiate responsibility to law and order from a central state to a sequence of semi independent local partnerships which will include privatized bodies and voluntary agencies.Words such as individual need, rehabilitation, reformation, penal purpose and due process are replaced by techniques of classification and actuarialism, risk assessment and resource management changes all the earlier sense of law and order from understanding motivations of crime to making crime bearable through universal coordination. This is a total variance from earlier ways and managerial system is thought to impose the standard or expectations of what a government can secure in the youth justice system. This to me is a weakness as it is being run like a business which of all time has its priorities in cost and reduction, that also I can see strengths to as it can be more expeditiously run with professionals running it with the right knowledge.The Act also contained anti social behaviour orders. Muncie (2009317) explains that they are usually refer to a variety of things such as youths that hang out do trouble making a nuisance of t hem and to their neighbours, making noise, vandalising property, littering, and causing graffiti to public property and drunkenness. This has been a priority in England and Wales, the key to naked as a jaybird Labour was to strengthen the ability of the criminal justice system so they could treat disorder and the lack of respect but serious crimes too as it was clear that disorder was rising and was affecting neighbourhoods and also that it was a sign of times to come more serious crimes.The police and courts were said to be powerless against the nuisance and the anti social behaviour that was being caused and that this was being mixed in with impunity. Second at the centre was a program and lack not just to reduce crime and disorder, but to encourage a process of civil renewal and civic responsibility. Third the broken windows theory was taken on board a it was believed that a failure to accept zero tolerance policing of lesser serious offending and signs of disorder could only further destroy already deprived and marginalized communities.The anti social behaviour order (ASBO) was the flagship of stark naked Labour in their 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Muncie (2009318) explains that this is a civil not a criminal order and can be given by the police and local authority to anyone that is over 10 years of age whose behaviour can cause alarm, distress or even harassment. The lower limit time an order can last is two years. But if you breach the order it will be treated as a criminal offence and the punishment for this can be up to two years in prison for juveniles and quintuplet years for adults. Certain local authorities went even further and started to experiment with acceptable Behaviour Contracts (ABCs) which were for even lower levels of behaviours and for lower ages those below for ten years of age.And if they are given an order then they must agree and to take steps to level their behaviour, the steps will be distinct by local youth offending team (YOT) and their parents must also agree on the steps. Initially when the ASBO was introduced it was said that it was for adults that were nuisances to their neighbours, but this statement was later changed and became for young people and areas that high crime rates became the targets of this order. The Home office review, 58% were made on under 18 year olds and a further 16% on those aged between 18 and 21. There are certain steps in this that are positive but to me there are inherent weaknesses to, like to give anti social behaviour order and silence youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could refine and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to launch off so demoralising it entirely.So to reason I have found that Labour have a percentage of strengths in their Youth Policy but have inherent weaknesses which stem from various contradictions in the policy. The strength that I have found are first of all is the duty that has been put into the legislation, which brings various agencies and services together, which unifies them and sets a main agenda that all must adhere to as it is in the legislation to follow the duty and eliminates any confusion that might have existed, and another strength is to support these by the task force which comprises of professionals and people in the sphere of influence that can offer the best advice.Also the reparation order is a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they want to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending and make them responsible. Then the child safety order, the strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this way by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giv ing maximum results. Then the local child curfews strength lies in the way it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community. Then there is the final warning where the strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success.Which brings me to secure remands of 12-16 year olds which is also a strength as it recognises that they are still young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels, the detention training programme has strength because it does not just impose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to a life of crime but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways. The forming of the YOTs and YJB is strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say, and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help, and managerialism is strength as it can be more efficiently run with professionals in charge. straightway I will just conclude my findings of the weaknesses which are the abolition of the doli incapax to me is a weakness as it manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe, are the children in the UK not the same. Another weakness is the ASBO to lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could adjudicate and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to be proud off and to show off so demoralising the order entirely. There are strengths and weaknesses in this policy but I have found the strengths outmatch the weaknesses.BibliographyHome O ffice, (1997), White Paper, No more Excuses A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and WalesMuncie, J. (2009), Youth and Crime, third edition, London, Sage publicationsMaguire, M. Morgan, R and Reiner, R. (2002), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, third Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Goldson, B. Muncie, J. (2006), Youth Crime and Justice, London, Sage PublicationsBaldock, J. Manning, N. and Vickerstaff, S. (2007), affectionate Policy, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.